California Probate - Law Offices of Janet Brewer Blog

What Do I Do If Property I Just Inherited Has a Mortgage?

“What happens if you inherit your loved one’s home? What if they still have payments to make on their mortgage? We’ll explore these and other questions you may have below.”

Bankrate’s recent article entitled “Does the home you inherited include a mortgage?’ explains that when a family member dies, there can be questions about wills, inheritances, and how best to settle financial affairs. It can be a stressful time, and complicated, especially when real estate is a part of the equation. Let’s look at some specific situations and how to address them.

Inheriting a mortgage. In many instances, a person will inherit both a home and the mortgage that goes with it. If that’s the case, ask for help from an attorney who specializes in elder law or estate planning. Even though the borrower died, the mortgage still must be repaid. Therefore, if you’ve inherited it, you’ll have to decide how the loan and property will be handled. If you move into the home, you may be able to assume the mortgage and continue paying it. You might also think about a cash-out refinance and pay that way. You can also sell the home. Heirs have a good deal of leverage dealing with a mortgage in an estate situation thanks to federal law, which can help them assume an existing loan. You should ask your attorney about estate taxes and capital gains taxes from a sale.

Assuming a mortgage. Typically, if you’re assuming the loan, the lender will be willing to work with you. Mortgages frequently have a “due-on-sale” or “due-on-transfer” clause that requires full repayment of the loan, in the event of a change in ownership. In certain estate situations, federal law prevents the lender from calling the loan, even if it has such a clause. Surviving spouses also have special protections to ensure that they can keep an inherited home.

Inheriting a reverse mortgage. If the home involves a reverse mortgage or a Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), your options vary according to the circumstances of the borrower who died. If you inherited a reverse mortgage from a parent, your options include the following:

• Paying off or refinancing the balance and keeping the home
• Selling the home for at least 95% of the appraised value; or
• Agreeing to a deed in lieu of foreclosure.

There is a six-month window for the balance to be repaid. This can be extended, if the heir is actively trying to pay off the debt. If the reverse mortgage isn’t paid off after a year, the lender is required by HUD to begin the foreclosure process. This has negative connotations. However, it is a normal part of settling a reverse mortgage, once the last borrower or non-borrowing spouse passes away. If you’re a surviving spouse, and you’re on the reverse mortgage, nothing will change.

If the mortgage is underwater. If the value of the inherited home is less than the outstanding mortgage debt, the home has negative equity or is “underwater.” If the mortgage is a non-recourse loan (the borrower doesn’t have to pay more than the value of the home), the lender may have few options outside of foreclosure. The same usually applies for a reverse mortgage: the most that will ever have to be repaid, is the value of the home. The heirs are fully protected if the home isn’t worth enough to pay off the entire HECM balance.

When there’s no will. If a borrower dies without a will, there will be more complications and expenses when handling a home with a mortgage (or any other assets). Talk to an experienced estate planning attorney regarding your specific situation. 

Contact our office today to schedule your consultation.

Reference: Bankrate (Oct. 22, 2020) “Does the home you inherited include a mortgage?’

Will I Owe Taxes on My Life Insurance Benefit?

“Life insurance is an essential part of estate planning. When you buy life insurance, it's important to make sure the policy payout will be enough to take care of your loved ones.”

MoneyWise’s recent article entitled “Are Life Insurance Benefits Taxable?” explains that, although the proceeds from a life insurance policy are usually tax-free, there are some exceptions. Life insurance payouts may be subject to taxes in the following situations:

A high-value estate. The federal estate tax exemption is $11.58 million this year, so if you leave an estate worth more than that, the IRS will charge a tax of 18% to 40% on the excess amount. It’s possible that life insurance proceeds could get taxed, if they're part of a high-dollar estate. To avoid this, you could create an irrevocable living trust to shield your assets from taxation. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney for help.

State inheritance or estate tax. Estate and inheritance tax laws are different in every state, so your estate or heirs may have to pay taxes on the death benefit, depending on where you reside. There are six states that have inheritance taxes (IA, KY, MD, NE, NJ, and PA). There are also a dozen states and the District of Columbia that have their own estate taxes (CT, HI, IL, ME, MD, MA, MN, NY, OR, RI, VT and WA).

Gifts. You can also avoid estate or inheritance taxes by transferring your life insurance policy to a beneficiary, while you're still around. You may have to pay a federal gift tax on the value of the policy when you do it, but the policy will be worth far less than the eventual death benefit. You can gift up to $15,000 a year to an individual without any tax. Remember that the policy's new owner will still have to make the payments.

The death benefit skips a generation. If you decide to skip your child and give the death benefit to your grandchild, the money would be considered taxable income by the IRS. That’s due to the "generation skipping transfer tax," which applies if you give any gift or inheritance to a family member who's more than one generation younger than you — or to a nonrelative who's more than 37½ years younger.

Life insurance installment pay-out. While life insurance benefits are typically paid out in a lump sum, some people opt to have their benefits paid out over time. I you do this, tell your heirs that they’ll have taxes on any interest that's added to the benefits, while they're being kept by the insurance company.

Withdrawal from your cash value of life insurance. With permanent life insurance policies that cover you for life (as opposed to time term life), there’s a savings component called “cash value.” During the life of the policy, some of your paid premiums funds the cash value account. You can make a withdrawal from this amount, provided you make a withdrawal that’s less than the amount you've paid into the policy. Otherwise, it’s taxed.

Group life insurance policies. Many companies offer life insurance as a benefit to their employees. If you have a policy at your job, the premiums won’t be taxable income unless the promised life insurance payout is more than $50,000.

Selling your life insurance policy. If you sell your life insurance policy for cash to a buyer or investor who will continue to make the payments and will receive the death benefit when you die, you'll have taxes on any income from the sale.

If you still have questions about how insurance contracts work, speak to an experienced estate planning attorney.

Reference: MoneyWise (Oct. 12, 2020) “Are Life Insurance Benefits Taxable?”

Estate Planning During COVID: Smart Documents to Update

What are some documents you should update as part of your estate planning during Covid? You might be surprised. 

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced uncertainty and anxiety into many peoples’ lives. For some, it has also brought into focus their mortality. While we hope that the pandemic is controlled quickly, current times are unpredictable. If you haven’t already, it’s a good time to think about ensuring that your financial affairs are in order and that you have an estate plan in place. 

Give the rapid spread of the virus, it’s important to update your estate plan as soon as possible. 

Documents to Update

There are several key documents that you should review to see if you need to make any changes in light of the current pandemic. These include:

Power of Attorney: A power of attorney provides the legal authority to assign an agent authorized to carry on your financial affairs in the event that you become incapacitated. These individuals have the authority to handle financial transactions – including paying bills, writing checks, making deposits, selling or purchasing assets, and completing tax returns – on your behalf. Without this document, there is no other person who could legally conduct these financial transactions; family members would have to request that the probate court identify someone to take over these duties. Since this process can be lengthy and emotionally-taxing, it’s always better to have a power of attorney in place before it becomes necessary. While any adult can serve as your designated power of attorney agent, you should ensure that you choose someone who is trustworthy and responsible.

Healthcare Proxy/Healthcare Durable Power of Attorney: A durable power of attorney for healthcare, or health care proxy, allows you to name someone to make healthcare decisions for you in the event you are incapacitated but still alive. This role can be incredibly difficult for loved ones to fill, so it’s crucial that you discuss your wishes with the individual beforehand, so that they have a good idea of what you are asking of them before they agree to it. 

Last Will and Testament:  In California, it is strongly encouraged that individuals develop a living trust to distribute asssets in order to avoid having to go through probated court. However, if you have minor children, you can also appoint guardians for them through the use of a last will and testament. If this document is necessary, you will also have to appoint an executor who can ensure that the terms of the will are met as you intended them to be. Without a will in place to name a legal guardian, your family may go through long and drawn out court proceedings . You can spare your loved ones from going through this process by updating your last will and testament to ensure that it reflects your current wishes for  minor children. 

Living Trust (aka Revocable Trust or Revocable Living Trust: A revocable trust or a revocable living trust is recommended to handle the transfer of one’s assets rather than a will. Having a living trust in place ensures that you will not need to go through probate court.  It is generally much less expensive and far less time consuming to administer. You can also make decisions about how and when you would like to terminate life-saving effors and discuss your wishes related to organ donation. 

HIPAA Authorization: The Health Insurance Affordability Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) put in place federal regulations related to privacy when obtaining healthcare. Authorization to release these records is required for you to name people that can have access to your medical records. Essentially, this document allows you to decide who the treating clinicians can discuss your medical treatment with in the event that you are hospitalized. 

Assets, Accounts, and Insurance Policies: When you are updating your other estate plan documents, it’s worth taking a little time to update your account information, insurance policy information, and your inventory of assets, including digital assets and their related passwords. This action will make it much easier for your executor to carry out their duties and your family members to access any accounts or assets they may need to.

In addition to updating all of your documents and information, it’s also a good time to convey information to other family members. These conversations can help them to better understand your final wishes for a funeral or burial arrangement, as well as address any other items, such as who may be available to care for any pets left behind.

While nobody wants to think of their own mortality, the COVID-19 pandemic is forcing many people to do just that. There are many things that are currently out of our control. However, you can control what happens in the event of an untimely death. The best way to ensure that things go as you wish is to make sure that you have the right legal documentation in place through an updated estate plan.  

Is My Estate Plan Set with a Power of Attorney?

“When do you need your estate plan to “go to work” for you? While you may think the right answer is “after I die,” the actual answer is “if I lose the ability to manage my own affairs.”

A June 2020 Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies survey showed that a mere 28% of retirees have a financial power of attorney (POA)—and many people don’t understand that there are two types of these advance directives that serve different purposes.

MarketWatch recently published an article “Does your estate plan use the right type of Power of Attorney for you?” that says knowing how both types work is crucial in the pandemic, especially in the event that you get sick with coronavirus.

A Durable Power of Attorney for Finance can be either “springing” or “immediate.” “Durable” refers to the fact that this Power of Attorney will endure after you have lost mental or physical capacities, whether temporary or permanent. It lists when the powers would be granted to the person of your choosing and the powers end at your death.

An “immediate” Durable Power of Attorney for Finance is effective, as soon as you sign the document. In contrast, a “springing” POA for Finance means two physicians must first examine you and confirm in writing that you can no longer manage independently.

Therefore, to begin paying your bills, your agent must have those two physicians’ letters, and he or she doesn’t automatically have the authority to ask for them.

When issues, such as doctors’ letters, are required before the agent you chose can serve you, ask your estate planning attorney for guidance.

An obstacle for a Durable Power of Attorney for Finance can come upon you very fast and possibly include you and your spouse at the same time. For example, you both might get COVID-19.

The powers granted by a typical POA for Finance are often broad and permit selling and buying assets; managing your debt, car and Social Security payments; filing your tax returns; and caring for any assets not named in a trust you may have, such as your IRA.

If you recover your capacity, your agent must turn everything back over to you when you ask.

Remember that your advance directive documents are only as good as the people who implement them. You should also make certain anyone named knows that they’ll have the job if needed. They must know where to find your POA and all other important information.

If you have any questions about your current estate plan or power of attorney documents, please call or email us today.

Reference: MarketWatch (Oct. 9, 2020) “Does your estate plan use the right type of Power of Attorney for you?”

How Do You Ask Parents about Estate Planning?

“Do you expect your parents to leave you a financial legacy? Nearly half of working-age Americans assume that they will receive an inheritance that will support them later in life, according to a survey by financial services company HSBC. Perhaps the bigger question, though, is how to even approach this topic with your parents.”

How do you ask your parents about their estate planning? No matter how you slice it, it’s a touchy subject to bring up.

You don’t want to come off as greedy when asking your parents about their estate planning.  However, you may need answers to certain questions to ensure that their financial wishes are carried out and there is a smooth transition of wealth and assets.

Yahoo Finance’s recent article entitled “How To Talk to Your Parents About Their Estate Plan (Without Making It Awkward)” shows us how to approach this touchy subject and get the info that you need.

Begin by asking your parents about whether they have an estate plan. You can tell them that they don’t need to share the numbers and that you just want to be able to follow their instructions. A good way to start this conversation is to acknowledge how awkward and difficult this conversation is for you. You should emphasize that you don’t want to think about their deaths but are just trying to sort things out.

Experts say that you’ll likely get a better reception from your parents if you let the conversation happen organically and not schedule a time to talk. No matter how you approach the topic of an inheritance from your parents, the objective of the discussion is to make certain they have a plan in place, so there will be a clear path for whoever is left behind to go forward. You can start by asking if they have these key legal documents:

• A will
• A power of attorney; and
• A living will or health care directive.

Ask where your parents keep these documents and how you can access them, if necessary.

You should also ask if your parents have written funeral or burial instructions. You also need to ask them to give you other important information, so you can handle their finances if they are unable to or when they die. This includes account numbers and passwords, insurance policies, information on their retirement plan or pension administrator, as well as the contact information for their accountant, attorney, financial planner, or other financial professionals.

If you have any questions about your current estate plan, please call or email us today.

Reference: Yahoo Finance (Oct. 7, 2020) “How To Talk to Your Parents About Their Estate Plan (Without Making It Awkward)”

How Much Power Does an Executor Have?

“There are continuing misconceptions regarding what powers are held by a personal representative and when he can exercise them.”

The Pauls Valley Daily Democrat’s recent article entitled “It doesn't end with the will” explains that there’s constant confusion about wills. This misunderstanding involves the scope of power of those named in the will as the personal representative (or executor) of the decedent’s estate. Let’s try to straighten out some of these myths or pieces of bad information about wills and probate.

The Executor Doesn’t Need Court Permission. False. An estate executor or personal representative can’t distribute a decedent’s assets to themselves or to any heirs, until okayed by the court. Many people think that a will provides immediate authorization to distribute the assets of an estate.

If He had a Will, We Don’t need Probate. Another incorrect belief is that if a person dies with a will, probate isn’t needed or required. If a person has a will, the will and the distributions named in it can only be made valid by the probate court. There are ways to avoid the probate process. However, the fact that a person had a will doesn’t do it.

The Executor Can Start Giving Away Stuff ASAP. This is also false. Some people think that as soon as a person receives appointment as the personal representative or executor from the probate court, they can begin distributing assets from the decedent’s estate. Nope. If this were true, it would defeat the objectives of probate, which is court oversight and control.

The Court Doesn’t Monitor the Executor’s Actions. This statement is also incorrect. The entire probate process is structured to provide a court-monitored coordination of a decedent’s estate to make certain that his or her wishes are followed. This also helps to prevent unauthorized distributions or “raids” on a decedent’s assets by improper persons.

Remember, the executor’s Letters Testamentary authorize that person to act for the estate—they don’t permit any distributions before court approval or final probate court order.

What Does Probate Do?

Probate fulfills these purposes:

• At death, the deceased’s property is subject to control and monitoring by the court.
• The court then starts to see what the decedent’s wishes were for distribution and who was named to administer the estate.
• The court must also review the scope of the estate, define all assets in the estate, and determine all debts of the estate.
• Probate requires a notice to creditors, so the executor has a complete list of debts of the estate and to give each creditor the opportunity to be paid.
• The court watches any transfers, sales of assets, or payments during probate.
• The executor is authorized to receive money and manage the assets of the estate, but he can’t withdraw or transfer assets from the estate.
• At a final hearing and after notice to interested parties, the court determines who should get distributions.

Ask an experienced estate planning attorney about the probate process and how to devise a complete estate plan. You can read more about how our process works, how we can make sure we are a good fit for your needs, and how to get started today right here.

Reference: Pauls Valley Daily Democrat (Oct. 1, 2020) “It doesn't end with the will”

How Do I Keep Money in the Family?

“If you're single and die in 2020, you can have up to $11.58 million in assets before your heirs have to worry about paying a penny in estate taxes.”

That seems like an awfully large amount of money. You might think only the super wealthy need to worry about estate planning, but you'd be wrong to think planning is only necessary for the 1%.

US News and World Report’s recent article entitled “5 Estate Planning Tips to Keep Your Money in the Family” reminds us that estate taxes may be only part of it. In many cases, there are income tax ramifications.

Your heirs may have to pay federal income taxes on retirement accounts. Some states also have their own estate taxes. You also want to make certain that your assets are transferred to the right people. Speaking with an experienced estate planning attorney is the best way to sort through complex issues surrounding estate planning. Here are some things you should cover:

Create a Will. This is a basic first step. However, 68% of Americans don’t take it. Many of those who don't have a will (about a third) say it's because they don't have enough assets to make it worthwhile. This is not true. Without a will, your estate is governed by state law and will be divided in probate court. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney to help you draft a will.  You should also review it on a regular basis because laws and family situations can change.

Review Your Beneficiaries. There are specific types of accounts, like retirement funds and life insurance in which the owners designate the beneficiaries, rather than this asset passing via the will. The named beneficiaries will also supersede any directions for the accounts in your will. Like your will, review your account beneficiaries after any major life change.

Consider a Trust. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney about a trust for possible tax benefits and the ability to control when a beneficiary gets their money (after they graduate college or only for a first home, for example). If money is put in an irrevocable trust, the assets no longer belong to you. Instead, they belong to the trust. That money can’t be subject to estate taxes. In addition, a trust isn't subject to probate, which keeps it private.

Convert to Roth’s. If you have a traditional 401(k) or IRA account, it might unintentionally create a hefty tax bill for your heirs. When your children inherit an IRA, they inherit the income tax liability that goes with it. Regular income tax must be paid on distributions from all traditional retirement accounts. In the past, non-spousal heirs, such as children could “stretch” those distributions over their lifetime to reduce the total amount of taxes due. However, now the account must be completely liquidated within 10 years after the death of the owner. If the account balance is substantial, it could necessitate major distributions that may be taxed at a higher rate. To avoid leaving beneficiaries with a large tax bill, you can gradually convert traditional accounts to Roth accounts that have tax-free distributions. The amount converted will be taxable on your income taxes, so the objective is to limit each year's conversion, so it doesn't move you into a higher tax bracket.

Make Gifts While You’re Alive. A great way to make certain that your money stays in the family, is to just give it to your heirs while you're alive. The IRS allows individuals to give up to $15,000 per person per year in gifts. If you're concerned about your estate being taxable, these gifts can decrease its value, and the money is tax-free for recipients.

Charitable Donations. You can also reduce your estate value, by making charitable donations. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney about setting up a donor-advised fund, instead of making a one-time gift. This would give you an immediate tax deduction for money deposited in the fund and then let you make charitable grants over time. You could designate a child or grandchild as a successor in managing the fund.

Complicated strategies and a constantly changing tax code can make estate planning feel intimidating. However, ignoring it can be a costly mistake for your heirs. Talk to an estate planning attorney.

If you have any questions about your current estate plan, please call or email us today.

Reference: US News and World Report (Sep. 30, 2020) “5 Estate Planning Tips to Keep Your Money in the Family”

What Does an Estate Planning Attorney Actually Do?

“Estate planning is crucial, setting up a peace of mind for you, as you enter your senior years. Most people don’t create a will because they are afraid to even think about the possibility of death. It feels like too big of a responsibility.”

It’s critical to understand what will happen to your estate after your death. That’s where the help of an experienced estate planning attorney comes in, says VENTS Magazine’s recent article entitled “What Does an Estate Lawyer Do Exactly?”

An experienced estate planning attorney is a legal professional, upon whom you can rely to help protect your estate after your death or in the event that you become incapacitated.

He or she will make certain that your assets and property are handled correctly.

In addition to assisting you with your estate, an estate planning attorney can help handle any family members trying to get involved in your legal affairs.

It may be difficult to please everyone when creating your will. Having an estate planning attorney will help you make the best decisions when it comes to distributing your wealth.

Estate planning is critical—especially if you’re older, experiencing chronic illness, or just want to be smart about protecting your assets.

As we grow older, we can accumulate a long list of stressful issues and responsibilities. You may worry that your estate will be gobbled up by creditors once you pass away, or that your children will fail to distribute your assets as you intended.

Much of this stress is eliminated with the guidance and counsel of an experienced estate planning attorney. Having an estate plan allows you to enjoy a better quality of life, once you’re older. You won’t have to live every day with worry or stress about the future after you’re gone.

An experienced estate planning attorney is a valuable resource for your family, in the event someone tries to contest the will after your death. Estate planning attorneys also aid in distributing the wealth, protecting your property from creditors, and lowering estate taxes.

You can read more about how our process works, how we can make sure we are a good fit for your needs, and how to get started today right here.

Reference: VENTS Magazine (Sep. 28, 2020) “What Does an Estate Lawyer Do Exactly?”

Can I Fund a Trust with Life Insurance?

“Estate planning is all about ensuring that your wishes are met after your death. All estate plans should include a will and powers of attorney. However, in many cases, a trust has additional benefits beyond what can be accomplished with the will and powers of attorney.”

A trust is a legal vehicle in which assets are legally titled and held for the benefit of another party, the beneficiary, explains Forbes’ recent article entitled “How To Fund A Trust With Life Insurance.” The article says that trusts are often funded with a life insurance policy. This will provide assets to be used after the death of the insured for the benefit of their family. If you are a parent of minor children, the combination of life insurance and a trust may be the best way to make certain that your children have their financial needs satisfied and also make sure the assets are used in ways you want.

Trusts are either revocable or irrevocable. A revocable living trust is the most frequently used type of trust. It has some major benefits, like the ability to avoid probate, which can be an expensive and lengthy process. Assets in a revocable trust are accessible much more quickly than those left through a will.  Because they’re revocable, the person who creates the trust (the grantor) can also make adjustments to the trust, as their situation changes.

A grantor will fund the trust with assets for the trust beneficiaries. For parents of minor children, funding a trust using term life insurance is an inexpensive tactic to make certain that your children are cared for after your death. Typically, each parent buys a life insurance policy, and in a two-parent household, usually each spouse names the other as the primary beneficiary with a revocable living trust as the contingent beneficiary.

If the second parents were to die, the life insurance policies would pay to the trust. The trustee would manage the trust assets for the minor children. Funding a trust with life insurance also benefits heirs, because it provides liquidity right after your death. Other assets like investment accounts and real estate can be very illiquid or have tax consequences. As a result, it can take a while to get to that equity.

On the other hand, term life insurance is a fast and tax-free funding way to build a trust. Purchase a term life policy that will last until your children are adults and out of college. In making the life insurance paid to a trust with your children as beneficiaries, you also have some control over the assets. If you name minor children as beneficiaries on a life insurance policy, they won’t be able to use the money until they are an adult. Some children may also not be financially responsible enough to manage money as young adults in their 20s.

If you already own a life insurance policy and want to create a trust, you can transfer ownership of the policy to the trust. Work with an experienced estate planning attorney.

Reference: Forbes (Sep. 17, 2020) “How To Fund A Trust With Life Insurance”

What’s the Best Way to Go with Intrafamily Loans?

“As parents, we often want to help our adult children who need a financial boost. Many times, this assistance comes in the form of a loan.”

Loans are a terrific way for parents to foster a child’s independence, encourage responsibility and signal their confidence that their child can succeed on their own.  They also don’t use any of your lifetime gift tax exemption ($11.58 million per person).

Kiplinger’s recent article entitled “Gifts vs. Loans: Don’t Be Generous to a Fault” tells the story of Mary Bolles. The case illustrates that parents’ actions and expectations as to repayment of the loan can recharacterize the “loan” to a taxable “gift.” That can mean unintended gift tax consequences. Mary was the mother of five who made numerous loans to each of her children. She kept copious records of each loan and any repayments. Between 1985 and 2007, she loaned her son Peter about $1.06 million to support his business ventures — despite the fact that it soon was clear he wouldn’t be able to make any more payments on the loans. None of the loans to Peter was ever formally documented, and Mary never tried to enforce the collection of any of the loans. 

In late 1989, Mary created a revocable living trust, which specifically excluded Peter from any distribution of her estate when she died. While she later amended her trust to no longer exclude him, she included a formula to account for the “loans” he received in making distributions to her children. After her death, the IRS said that the entire amount of the loans, plus accrued interest, was part of her estate. They assessed the estate with a tax deficiency of $1.15 million.  The estate said the entire amount was a gift.

At trial, the court considered the factors to be weighed in deciding whether the advances were loans or gifts. Noting that the determination depends not only on how the loan was structured and documented, the court also explained that in the case of an intra-family loan, a major factor is whether there was an actual expectation of repayment and intent to enforce the debt.

The court compromised and held that any advances prior to 1990 were loans (about $425,000), since the evidence suggested that Mary reasonably expected that Peter would repay the loans, until he was disinherited from her trust in late 1989. The court said that the money given to Peter after he was disinherited — from 1990 onward — were gifts.

The decision shows that if you’re considering taking advantage of the elevated gift tax exemption before it sunsets, you should review any outstanding family loan transactions. You should see the extent to which those loans may have been transmuted into gifts over the years—which may adversely impact the amount of your remaining available exemption. The safest way to do this would be to consult an experienced estate planning attorney, who can help you safely navigate these complex rules.

To be safe, follow these simple steps:

1. Document the loan transaction between the lender and borrower.
2. Charge interest based on the government rates (AFR), which are published monthly.
3. Make sure the borrower will have enough net worth to likely repay the loan. 
4. Get a copy of the borrower’s financial statement.
5. If the loan sets out periodic payments, make certain these are made on time.
6. Report the interest income you receive from the borrower on your income tax return.

Make sure that you do any intra-family loans properly to avoid any future issues.

Reference: Kiplinger (Oct. 7, 2020) “Gifts vs. Loans: Don’t Be Generous to a Fault”