California Probate - Law Offices of Janet Brewer Blog

Does the COVID-19 Pandemic have an Impact on Financial Powers Of Attorney?

“We have all seen the heartbreaking stories about people dying in hospitals from Covid-19 without family present. We’ve also heard about the tragic decisions healthcare workers must make when time and resources are spread thin. Compounding these sad situations is that often the person who can speak for the individual suffering from Covid-19 is not present because of hospital procedures designed to prevent contagion.”

If you’re concerned about the consequences of contracting COVID-19, you’d typically create an advanced directive, a medical power of attorney, and a HIPAA release to give authority to those you want to have access to your medical information. These documents are intended to both state your medical care wishes and specify who can make medical decisions for you if you’re unable.

Forbes’s recent article entitled “If You Lose It, Don’t Lose It: Financial Powers Of Attorney In A Covid-19 World” says that sometimes the issue of money is lost in the confusion. If you’re in the hospital or otherwise unavailable, who do you want to take care of any of your immediate financial issues?

People frequently associate this issue with just writing checks, like paying the mortgage. If it’s deducted automatically, it should be okay, and the other bills can wait until they recover. However, some financial issues are planning-related, and those can’t wait, like in late December when you want to make a Roth IRA conversion but you’re in a hospital. You might also want to make a contribution to your favorite charity since the CARES Act provides a $300 non-itemized charitable deduction. If you are incapacitated, you need a trusted agent who can make important financial decisions for you and execute them on your behalf.

A financial power of attorney (POA) is often the answer. It is separate from a medical POA but equally as important. Without a binding financial POA, your incapacity will have a major financial impact. A financial POA gives you the power to name an agent to act on your behalf if you lose the physical or mental capacity to handle your own finances.

If you are worried about the financial risk related to a sudden impairment from an event, such as the coronavirus, ask an experienced estate planning attorney about creating a springing and durable POA. “Springing” means the power doesn’t trigger until you’ve lost the legal capacity to handle your own finances. “Durable” means that your agent continues to retain the power to act on your behalf until you either recover or die. This is the preferred approach because they retain control until something bad happens (causing it to “spring” into action) and then their agent maintains control, even if some unscrupulous individual attempts to hijack the process (proving the power is “durable”).

Note that a POA may not be recognized when it is presented to an individual or company. Financial institutions have been hesitant to accept a financial POA submitted by the principal’s agent because they’re concerned about liability if the POA turns out to be fraudulent, or if the agent acts contrary to the accountholder’s desires. Without the institution’s agreement, the incapacitated person’s plans won’t happen. However, many states have addressed this.

Many people are creating “just in case” estate planning documents to deal with the possibility of contracting COVID-19. Ask an experienced estate planning attorney about creating a financial POA.

If you have any questions about your current estate plan, please call or email us today.

Reference: Forbes (Oct. 27, 2020) “If You Lose It, Don’t Lose It: Financial Powers Of Attorney In A Covid-19 World”

Estate Planning During COVID: Smart Documents to Update

What are some documents you should update as part of your estate planning during Covid? You might be surprised. 

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced uncertainty and anxiety into many peoples’ lives. For some, it has also brought into focus their mortality. While we hope that the pandemic is controlled quickly, current times are unpredictable. If you haven’t already, it’s a good time to think about ensuring that your financial affairs are in order and that you have an estate plan in place. 

Give the rapid spread of the virus, it’s important to update your estate plan as soon as possible. 

Documents to Update

There are several key documents that you should review to see if you need to make any changes in light of the current pandemic. These include:

Power of Attorney: A power of attorney provides the legal authority to assign an agent authorized to carry on your financial affairs in the event that you become incapacitated. These individuals have the authority to handle financial transactions – including paying bills, writing checks, making deposits, selling or purchasing assets, and completing tax returns – on your behalf. Without this document, there is no other person who could legally conduct these financial transactions; family members would have to request that the probate court identify someone to take over these duties. Since this process can be lengthy and emotionally-taxing, it’s always better to have a power of attorney in place before it becomes necessary. While any adult can serve as your designated power of attorney agent, you should ensure that you choose someone who is trustworthy and responsible.

Healthcare Proxy/Healthcare Durable Power of Attorney: A durable power of attorney for healthcare, or health care proxy, allows you to name someone to make healthcare decisions for you in the event you are incapacitated but still alive. This role can be incredibly difficult for loved ones to fill, so it’s crucial that you discuss your wishes with the individual beforehand, so that they have a good idea of what you are asking of them before they agree to it. 

Last Will and Testament:  In California, it is strongly encouraged that individuals develop a living trust to distribute asssets in order to avoid having to go through probated court. However, if you have minor children, you can also appoint guardians for them through the use of a last will and testament. If this document is necessary, you will also have to appoint an executor who can ensure that the terms of the will are met as you intended them to be. Without a will in place to name a legal guardian, your family may go through long and drawn out court proceedings . You can spare your loved ones from going through this process by updating your last will and testament to ensure that it reflects your current wishes for  minor children. 

Living Trust (aka Revocable Trust or Revocable Living Trust: A revocable trust or a revocable living trust is recommended to handle the transfer of one’s assets rather than a will. Having a living trust in place ensures that you will not need to go through probate court.  It is generally much less expensive and far less time consuming to administer. You can also make decisions about how and when you would like to terminate life-saving effors and discuss your wishes related to organ donation. 

HIPAA Authorization: The Health Insurance Affordability Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) put in place federal regulations related to privacy when obtaining healthcare. Authorization to release these records is required for you to name people that can have access to your medical records. Essentially, this document allows you to decide who the treating clinicians can discuss your medical treatment with in the event that you are hospitalized. 

Assets, Accounts, and Insurance Policies: When you are updating your other estate plan documents, it’s worth taking a little time to update your account information, insurance policy information, and your inventory of assets, including digital assets and their related passwords. This action will make it much easier for your executor to carry out their duties and your family members to access any accounts or assets they may need to.

In addition to updating all of your documents and information, it’s also a good time to convey information to other family members. These conversations can help them to better understand your final wishes for a funeral or burial arrangement, as well as address any other items, such as who may be available to care for any pets left behind.

While nobody wants to think of their own mortality, the COVID-19 pandemic is forcing many people to do just that. There are many things that are currently out of our control. However, you can control what happens in the event of an untimely death. The best way to ensure that things go as you wish is to make sure that you have the right legal documentation in place through an updated estate plan.  

What Estate Planning Documents Do I Need for a Happy Retirement?

“Most people can't wait for retirement, and even more would likely opt for some form of early retirement if they had the opportunity. Whenever you ultimately decide to cut down your time at work or leave the workforce altogether, you need to ensure that you have a full slate of estate planning documents in place.”

Estate planning documents are made to help you and your family, in the event of your untimely demise or incapacitation.

These documents will give your family specific instructions on how to proceed.

The Winston-Salem Journal’s recent article entitled “4 Must-Have Documents for a Peaceful Retirement” looks at these critical documents in constructing an effective estate plan.

1. Power of Attorney (POA). If you become incapacitated or become unable to make your own financial decisions, a POA will permit a trusted agent to manage your affairs. Have an estate planning attorney review your POA before it's executed. You can give someone a limited POA that restricts their authority to specific transactions. You can also create a springing POA, which takes effect only at the time of your incapacitation.

2. Will. About 40% of Americans actually have a will. Creating a valid will prevents you from leaving a mess for your heirs to address after you die. A will appoints an executor who will manage your affairs in a fiduciary manner. The will also details your plan for the distribution of your property. Make certain that your will is also in agreement with other documents you've set up, so it doesn’t create any questions.

3. TOD/POD Designation Forms. A Transfer-on-Death (TOD) or Payable-on-Death (POD) designation lets you to assign your investment accounts to a named beneficiary. The big benefit here is that accounts with a named TOD/POD beneficiary pass directly to that person when you die. Any accounts without a TOD/POD beneficiary will be subject to the terms of your will and will be required to go through the probate process.

4. Healthcare POA/Advance Directives. These are significant health-related documents. A healthcare POA allows your named agent to communicate your wishes to medical professionals, if you are unable. They also include instructions as to whether you want to have life-saving measures performed, if you have a cardiac or respiratory arrest. These healthcare documents also remove the need for your family to make difficult decisions for you.

Reference: Winston-Salem Journal (Sep. 20, 2020) “4 Must-Have Documents for a Peaceful Retirement”

Why Should I Think about My Death?

“Talking about death makes most of us uncomfortable, so we don't plan for it. That's a big mistake, because if you don't have an end-of-life plan, your state's laws decide who gets everything you own. A doctor you've never met could decide how you spend your last moments, and your loved ones could be saddled with untangling an expensive legal mess after you die.”

Planning for the end of life isn't about you, says NPR’s recent article entitled “End-Of-Life Planning Is A 'Lifetime Gift' To Your Loved Ones.” As the owner of the estate, you really don’t get to see the benefit of your estate planning. The NPR article gives us some easy and practical steps to planning for the end of life.

Name your executor. If you're an adult, you should have a last will. This is because estate planning isn’t just for the rich. With a last will, you name an individual you trust to take care of everything when you die. That is the executor or personal representative. It's a good idea to choose someone from your family or a person with whom you have a good relationship. This person also should have a good attention to detail, because an executor would have to locate all your financial assets and communicate with everyone you've named in your last will.

Conduct an inventory. Create a list of everything you own. This includes financial assets—such as bank accounts, retirement savings or car—as well as things that have sentimental value, like jewelry, furniture and mementos. Once this is done, specify in writing those persons you want to have these items. If you have young children, designate a guardian for their care, in case you and your spouse are no longer alive. This person will be responsible for your child's schooling, health care decisions and value system. Digital accounts are also part of your property, such as your social media accounts, online photos, and whatever is in your Google Drive or iCloud. This also includes any online subscriptions and airline or credit card rewards. Create a secure list of all those accounts and the login and password details. Let your executor know where to find it. Make specific instructions about what you'd like to have happen with your online information.

Your decisions will change over time, so review and update your last will.

Think about your health care decisions. Your last will addresses what happens after you die. However, an advance directive is a legal document that addresses your health care and protects your wishes at the end of your life. There are two parts to an advance directive: a medical power of attorney, which is granted to someone to make decisions for you if you’re incapacitated; and a living will, in which you detail how you should be cared for by healthcare professionals.

Remember the emotional and spiritual aspects of death. The way in which you want to die is personal and about much more than just the medical aspect. It may be about being at peace with God or having your pets nearby.

Plan ahead to give you and your family peace of mind.

Reference: NPR (June 30, 2020) “End-Of-Life Planning Is A 'Lifetime Gift' To Your Loved Ones”

Am I Worth More Dead than Alive?

“If you are like many moderately successful Americans, chances are you are worth more dead than alive. In many cases a lot more.”

A long-time federal worker or retiree may in fact be worth more dead than alive, especially if you own a house and are still married to your original spouse. If you have life insurance and a Thrift Savings Plan account, it’s also most likely true.

Federal News Network’s article entitled “Wonder if you’re worth more dead than alive?” says that in this pandemic, we’re all at risk and some a lot more than others. Therefore, if you have family you want to leave something to, if you leave unexpectedly, is everything in order?

Do you know the difference between having a last will and setting up an estate? Should you have one or both?

If you’re struggling with the answer, you need to sit down with an experienced estate planning attorney and figure out what you want to do.

Do you know the function of a power-of-attorney or of a medical directive? If you become gravely ill or injured—perhaps you fall into a vegetative state—do you want the healthcare staff to take heroic measures to keep you alive?

If you don’t make that decision beforehand, you may force a family member to make that decision.  It may not be what you had wanted. It can make a very stressful time even worse for them.

Let’s look at some things you need to consider.

A basic estate plan includes powers or attorney and some documents that instruct your executor how to distribute your assets at your death.

You should have an advance medical directive or health care power of attorney, which designates an individual that you select to make health care decisions for you, if you’re unable to make these decisions for yourself. This document will also include end of life instructions in the form of a living will that state the types of actions you want to have taken on your behalf if you’re terminally ill, in a vegetative state, and if you’re unlikely to recover. A primary concern of a living will is whether you want to be kept alive by artificial means, such as with a ventilator.

You also should have a durable financial power of attorney. This document allows your chosen agent to manage your financial affairs, if you’re incapable of managing your own affairs.

Estate planning is more than just a last will. A last will is essential but most people have many assets that won’t be impacted by their last wills like a jointly owned property, and life insurance or retirement plans with a designated beneficiary. You must specify how you want your assets to be distributed after your death.

Reference: Federal News Network (July 15, 2020) “Wonder if you’re worth more dead than alive?”

What Does Pandemic Estate Planning Look Like?

“The coronavirus pandemic has certainly caused havoc and concern for many people, particularly in regard to their health and their finances — and these two areas intersect in estate planning. So, if you haven’t drawn up your estate plans yet, or you think they may need to be revised, now may be a good time to act.”

In the pandemic, it’s a good idea to know your affairs are in order. If you already have an estate plan, it may be time to review it with an experienced estate planning attorney, especially if your family’s had a marriage, divorce, remarriage, new children or grandchildren, or other changes in personal or financial circumstances. The Pointe Vedra Recorder’s article entitled “Estate planning during a pandemic: steps to take” explains some of the most commonly used documents in an estate plan:

Will. This basic estate planning document is what you use to state how you want your assets to be distributed after your death. You name an executor to coordinate the distribution and name a guardian to take care of minor children.

Financial power of attorney: This legal document allows you to name an agent with the authority to conduct your financial affairs, if you’re unable. You let them pay your bills, write checks, make deposits and sell or purchase assets.

Living trust: This lets you leave assets to your heirs, without going the probate process. A living trust also gives you considerable flexibility in dispersing your estate. You can instruct your trustee to pass your assets to your beneficiaries immediately upon your death or set up more elaborate directions to distribute the assets over time and in amounts you specify.

Health care proxy: This is also called a health care power of attorney. It is a legal document that designates an individual to act for you, if you become incapacitated. Similar to the financial power of attorney, your agent has the power to speak with your doctors, manage your medical care and make medical decisions for you, if you can’t.

Living will: This is also known as an advance health care directive. It provides information about the types of end-of-life treatment you do or don’t want, if you become terminally ill or permanently unconscious.

These are the basics. However, there may be other things to look at, based on your specific circumstances. Consult with an experienced estate planning attorney about tax issues, titling property correctly and a host of other things that may need to be addressed to take care of your family. Pandemic estate planning may sound morbid in these tough times, but it’s a good time to get this accomplished. Contact our office today to schedule your consultation.

Reference: Pointe Vedra (Beach, FL) Recorder (July 16, 2020) “Estate planning during a pandemic: steps to take”

What Basic Estate Planning Documents Do I Need?

“At this stage of your life, preparing these must-have documents is one of the most profound acts of love that you can bestow. This paperwork can shield your family from needless heartache, hassle and expense.”

AARP’s recent article entitled “Sign These Papers” suggests that the following documents will give you and your family financial protection, as well as peace of mind.

Advance Directive. This document gives your family, loved ones and medical professionals your instructions for your health care. A living will, which is a kind of advance directive, details the treatment you’d like to have in the event you’re unable to speak. It covers things like when you would want doctors to stop treatment, pain relief and life support. Providing these instructions helps your family deal with these issues later.

Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. This document, regularly included in an advance directive, lets you name a trusted person (plus a backup or two) to make medical decisions on your behalf, when you’re unable to do so.

Revocable Living Trust. Drawn up correctly by an experienced estate planning attorney, this makes it easy to keep track of your finances now, allow a trusted person step in, if necessary, and make certain that there are fewer problems for your heirs when you pass away. A revocable living trust is a powerful document that allows you to stay in control of all your finances as long as you want. You can also make changes to your trust as often as you like.

When you pass away, your family will have a much easiest task of distributing the assets in the trust to your beneficiaries. Without this, they’ll have to go through the probate process.  It can be a long and possibly costly process, if you die with only a will or intestate (i.e., without a will).

Will. Drafting a will with the guidance of an experienced estate planning attorney lets you avoid potential family fighting over what you’ve left behind. Your will can describe in succinct language whom you want to inherit items that might not be in your trust — your home or car, or specific keepsakes, such as your baseball card collection and your Hummel Figurines.

Durable Financial Power of Attorney. If you’re alive but incapacitated, the only way a trusted person, acting on your behalf, can access an IRA, pension or other financial account in your name is with a durable financial power of attorney. Many brokerages and other financial institutions have their own power of attorney forms, so make sure you ask about this.

These five documents (sometimes four, if your advance directive and health care power of attorney are combined) help you enjoy a happier, less stressful life.

In drafting these documents, you know that you’ve taken the steps to make navigating the future as smooth as possible. By making your intentions clear and easing the inheritance process as much as you possibly can, you’re taking care of your family. They will be grateful that you did.

Reference: AARP (August/September 2018) “Sign These Papers”

Do I Need a DNR in My Estate Plan?

“With the recent health crisis, many people have been asking their lawyers if a “Do Not Resuscitate” order – commonly known as a DNR – should be a part of their estate planning.”

Forbes’s article entitled “Should “Do Not Resuscitate” Be Part Of Your Estate Plan?” explains the difference between a health care proxy and a DNR.

A health care proxy is a legal document that lets you name an agent to make health care decisions for you. It is used if you’re unable to make those decisions for yourself. When you were again able to communicate, you’d go back to making your decisions for yourself. The ability to create a health care proxy is governed by your state’s laws. Every state’s laws are different.

Ask an experienced estate planning attorney how to comply with your state’s law in creating these directives. He or she will know about health care institutions and whether they will give authority to the documents you created. If they won’t, your named agent would have to go to court to enforce them.

You can also supplement your state’s directives with additional guidance.

Some states’ directives require a set series of instructions for your agent. For instance, it may include questions as to whether you want life sustaining treatment and medically administered nutrition and hydration. Other states contain language that is broader. They allow the agent more latitude to decide end-of-life decisions. This language usually includes the intention that you want to be taken off life support, if you have a terminal illness or injury and your death is imminent.

A DNR is a medical order informing health care workers that they are not to revive you. It is a document that you put in place with your physician. Some states have also adopted MOLST forms (Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment) to address other situations, like intubation, ventilation and dialysis. These documents require a thorough discussion between the patient and the health care provider. They are typically part of end of life care, when a person has an advanced stage terminal illness.

If you’re relatively healthy, you want to be treated – and resuscitated – if you have a heart attack. There may be a time when you need a DNR, but most likely it’s not now. If and when that time comes, you’ll need to have a talk with your doctor about a DNR.

However, you should speak with your estate planning attorney about your health care proxy, especially if you don’t have one. Whether it’s during the coronavirus pandemic or not, a health care proxy is a critical part of a complete estate plan.

Contact our office today to schedule your consultation.

Reference: Forbes (May 28, 2020) “Should “Do Not Resuscitate” Be Part Of Your Estate Plan?”

Changing Your Estate Plan When You Move to California

When you move to California, you may need to make some important changes to your estate plan. California’s laws differ from some other states and many other countries, so the language in your plan or its structure might not work correctly here.

How Are the Laws Different?

Each state in the United States has its own estate planning, trust, and probate laws. The laws are slightly different from state to state, depending on what the legislature has passed. United States laws are also very different from many other countries’ estate and trust laws. Some countries have a “forced heirship” system, and some have different estate and gift tax regimes.

As a result, the language in your will, trust, or power of attorney may simply not have the effect that you intended once you move to California. For example, the laws vary quite a bit for trusts with non-U.S. citizen or California resident trustees or beneficiaries. The trust or beneficiaries could end up owing more money in taxes as a result.

What Do You Need to Change?

You should speak to an attorney about doing a comprehensive review of your estate plan after you move. Documents that may need review could include your will, your trusts, your power of attorney or advance directive, business succession agreements, and any retirement accounts or life insurance.

If you have an advance directive, for example, you may want to sign the California-specific format. You also may want a POLST (Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment). That way doctors can quickly recognize and acknowledge your wishes for medical treatment and care.

Also, you may want to change the law that governs your trust. Somewhere in your trust’s legal formation document, it probably says that the laws of a particular state will govern trust administration. Now that you live in California, it may simply be easier to have California law apply.

Further, you may want to change your chosen trustee, agent, or proposed guardian for children. It can be very inconvenient to work with someone who lives far away, especially if he or she really needs to be there in person to make appropriate decisions. You can talk to your lawyer about picking a new person in charge.

Even if your estate plan does not need any major changes because you moved to California, it is a very good idea to review it after a big move. You might have changed your mind about inheritances or other aspects of the plan.

Planning your estate? Look to Janet Brewer, Esq. for thorough and thoughtful estate planning advice. Janet’s more than 20 years of legal experience will give you confidence and peace of mind. To schedule a “Get Acquainted” meeting, visit Janet's website or call her office at (650) 469-8206.

Same-Sex Marriage and Estate Planning: The Basics

Same-sex couples face many estate planning issues whether married or unmarried. Inheritance and end-of-life questions are even more difficult when a couple does not have an estate plan.

Do Same-Sex Married Couples Have the Same Estate Plan Advantages As Opposite-Sex Couples?

The Supreme Court’s decision striking down the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) has expanded estate plan advantages for married same-sex couples. For example, same-sex spouses can:

• Use the marital deduction to defer taxes when one spouse dies
• Elect estate tax portability to combine both spouses’ estate tax exemptions
• Avoid gift taxes when transferring assets between spouses

In addition, same-sex couples may benefit from availability of health insurance and Social Security, the ability to form marital trusts, and less difficulty accessing each other’s financial accounts.

Married couples should not take the expanded estate planning advantages for granted. Every couple needs an estate plan to cover not only what happens to each spouse’s assets upon death, but also end-of-life decisions.

What About Unmarried Same-Sex Couples?

Unmarried same-sex couples have even more need of comprehensive estate plans. Many unmarried couples have been together for a long time but have never done any estate planning. Because each partner often owns real estate or assets individually, a surviving partner may end up with no entitlement to the estate and little or no financial resources when one partner dies.

Preparing a simple estate plan can solve some of these problems. For example, you could sign a living trust that leaves your assets to your partner if you pass away. Along with the trust, you would sign a will placing all your assets in the trust upon death. You and your partner may agree to prepare advance directives in each other’s favors, allowing you to make medical decisions for your partner if he or she is incapacitated.

Partners should be aware that dying without a will may have unintended consequences. In California and other states, estate property passes by intestate succession when there is no will. That means close relatives, spouses, and children receive the estate. An unmarried partner would have no entitlement to any estate property. As a result, it is very important for you and your partner to sign properly prepared wills passing on your estates to your partners or whoever else you choose.

Planning your estate? Look to Janet Brewer, Esq. for thorough and thoughtful estate planning advice. Janet’s more than 20 years of legal experience will give you confidence and peace of mind. To schedule a “Get Acquainted” meeting, visit Janet's website or call her office at (650) 469-8206.